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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "POSTFWD1-ALL-IN-ONE 1"
.TH POSTFWD1-ALL-IN-ONE 1 "2013-04-18" "perl v5.14.2" "User Contributed Perl Documentation"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
postfwd \- postfix firewall daemon
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
postfwd [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1SOURCE1\s0, \s-1SOURCE2\s0, ...]
.PP
.Vb 3
\& Ruleset: (at least one, multiple use is allowed):
\& \-f, \-\-file <file> reads rules from <file>
\& \-r, \-\-rule <rule> adds <rule> to config
\&
\& Scoring:
\& \-s, \-\-scores <v>=<r> returns <r> when score exceeds <v>
\&
\& Control:
\& \-d, \-\-daemon run postfwd as daemon
\& \-k, \-\-kill stops daemon
\& \-\-reload reloads configuration
\& \-\-dumpstats displays usage statistics
\& \-\-dumpcache displays cache contents
\& \-\-delcache <item> removes an item from the request cache
\& \-\-delrate <item> removes an item from the rate cache
\&
\& Networking:
\& \-i, \-\-interface <dev> listen on interface <dev>
\& \-p, \-\-port <port> listen on port <port>
\& \-\-proto <proto> socket type (tcp or unix)
\& \-u, \-\-user <name> set uid to user <name>
\& \-g, \-\-group <name> set gid to group <name>
\& \-\-umask <mask> set umask for file permissions
\& \-R, \-\-chroot <path> chroot the daemon to <path>
\& \-\-pidfile <path> create pidfile under <path>
\& \-\-facility <f> syslog facility
\& \-\-socktype <s> syslog socktype
\& \-l, \-\-logname <label> label for syslog messages
\& \-\-loglen <int> truncates syslogs after <int> chars
\&
\& Caching:
\& \-c, \-\-cache <int> sets the request\-cache timeout to <int> seconds
\& \-\-cache\-no\-size ignores size attribute for caching
\& \-\-cache\-no\-sender ignores sender address in cache
\& \-\-cache\-rdomain\-only ignores localpart of recipient address in cache
\& \-\-cache\-rbl\-timeout default rbl timeout, if not specified in ruleset
\& \-\-cache\-rbl\-default default rbl response pattern to match (regexp)
\& \-\-cacheid <item>, .. list of attributes for request cache identifier
\& \-\-cleanup\-requests cleanup interval in seconds for request cache
\& \-\-cleanup\-rbls cleanup interval in seconds for rbl cache
\& \-\-cleanup\-rates cleanup interval in seconds for rate cache
\&
\& Optional:
\& \-t, \-\-test testing, always returns "dunno"
\& \-v, \-\-verbose verbose logging, use twice (\-vv) to increase level
\& \-S, \-\-summary <int> show some usage statistics every <int> seconds
\& \-\-norulelog disbles rule logging
\& \-\-norulestats disables per rule statistics
\& \-\-noidlestats disables statistics when idle
\& \-n, \-\-nodns disable dns
\& \-\-nodnslog disable dns logging
\& \-\-dns_async_txt perform dnsbl A and TXT lookups simultaneously
\& \-\-dns_timeout timeout in seconds for asynchonous dns queries
\& \-\-dns_timeout_max maximum of dns timeouts until a dnsbl will be deactivated
\& \-\-dns_timeout_interval interval in seconds for dns timeout maximum counter
\& \-\-dns_max_ns_lookups max names to look up with sender_ns_addrs
\& \-\-dns_max_mx_lookups max names to look up with sender_mx_addrs
\& \-I, \-\-instantcfg re\-reads rulefiles for every new request
\& \-\-config_timeout <i> parser timeout in seconds
\& \-\-keep_rates do not clear rate limit counters on reload
\& \-\-save_rates <file> save and load rate limits on disk
\& \-\-fast_limit_evaluation evaluate rate limits before ruleset is parsed
\& (please note the limitations)
\&
\& Plugins:
\& \-\-plugins <file> loads postfwd plugins from file
\&
\& Informational (use only at command\-line!):
\& \-C, \-\-showconfig shows ruleset summary, \-v for verbose
\& \-L, \-\-stdoutlog redirect syslog messages to stdout
\& \-P, \-\-perfmon no syslogging, no stdout
\& \-V, \-\-version shows program version
\& \-h, \-\-help shows usage
\& \-m, \-\-manual shows program manual
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
.SS "\s-1INTRODUCTION\s0"
.IX Subsection "INTRODUCTION"
postfwd is written to combine complex postfix restrictions in a ruleset similar to those of the most firewalls.
The program uses the postfix policy delegation protocol to control access to the mail system before a message
has been accepted (please visit <http://www.postfix.org/SMTPD_POLICY_README.html> for more information).
.PP
postfwd allows you to choose an action (e.g. reject, dunno) for a combination of several smtp parameters
(like sender and recipient address, size or the client's \s-1TLS\s0 fingerprint). Also it offers simple macros/acls
which should allow straightforward and easy-to-read configurations.
.PP
\&\fIFeatures:\fR
.PP
* Complex combinations of smtp parameters
.PP
* Combined \s-1RBL/RHSBL\s0 lookups with arbitrary actions depending on results
.PP
* Scoring system
.PP
* Date/time based rules
.PP
* Macros/ACLs, Groups, Negation
.PP
* Compare request attributes (e.g. client_name and helo_name)
.PP
* Internal caching for requests and dns lookups
.PP
* Built in statistics for rule efficiency analysis
.SS "\s-1CONFIGURATION\s0"
.IX Subsection "CONFIGURATION"
A configuration line consists of optional item=value pairs, separated by semicolons
(`;`) and the appropriate desired action:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& [ <item1>=<value>; <item2>=<value>; ... ] action=<result>
.Ve
.PP
\&\fIExample:\fR
.PP
.Vb 1
\& client_address=192.168.1.1 ; sender==no@bad.local ; action=REJECT
.Ve
.PP
This will deny all mail from 192.168.1.1 with envelope sender no@bad.local. The order of the elements
is not important. So the following would lead to the same result as the previous example:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& action=REJECT ; client_address=192.168.1.1 ; sender==no@bad.local
.Ve
.PP
The way how request items are compared to the ruleset can be influenced in the following way:
.PP
.Vb 10
\& ====================================================================
\& ITEM == VALUE true if ITEM equals VALUE
\& ITEM => VALUE true if ITEM >= VALUE
\& ITEM =< VALUE true if ITEM <= VALUE
\& ITEM > VALUE true if ITEM > VALUE
\& ITEM < VALUE true if ITEM < VALUE
\& ITEM =~ VALUE true if ITEM ~= /^VALUE$/i
\& ITEM != VALUE false if ITEM equals VALUE
\& ITEM !> VALUE false if ITEM >= VALUE
\& ITEM !< VALUE false if ITEM <= VALUE
\& ITEM !~ VALUE false if ITEM ~= /^VALUE$/i
\& ITEM = VALUE default behaviour (see ITEMS section)
\& ====================================================================
.Ve
.PP
To identify single rules in your log files, you may add an unique identifier for each of it:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id=R_001 ; action=REJECT ; client_address=192.168.1.1 ; sender==no@bad.local
.Ve
.PP
You may use these identifiers as target for the `\fIjump()\fR` command (see \s-1ACTIONS\s0 section below). Leading
or trailing whitespace characters will be ignored. Use '#' to comment your configuration. Others will
appreciate.
.PP
A ruleset consists of one or multiple rules, which can be loaded from files or passed as command line
arguments. Please see the \s-1COMMAND\s0 \s-1LINE\s0 section below for more information on this topic.
.PP
Since postfwd version 1.30 rules spanning span multiple lines can be defined by prefixing the following
lines with one or multiple whitespace characters (or '}' for macros):
.PP
.Vb 4
\& id=RULE001
\& client_address=192.168.1.0/24
\& sender==no@bad.local
\& action=REJECT no access
.Ve
.PP
postfwd versions prior to 1.30 require trailing ';' and '\e'\-characters:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& id=RULE001; \e
\& client_address=192.168.1.0/24; \e
\& sender==no@bad.local; \e
\& action=REJECT no access
.Ve
.SS "\s-1ITEMS\s0"
.IX Subsection "ITEMS"
.Vb 2
\& id \- a unique rule id, which can be used for log analysis
\& ids also serve as targets for the "jump" command.
\&
\& date, time \- a time or date range within the specified rule shall hit
\& # FORMAT:
\& # Feb, 29th
\& date=29.02.2008
\& # Dec, 24th \- 26th
\& date=24.12.2008\-26.12.2008
\& # from today until Nov, 23rd
\& date=\-23.09.2008
\& # from April, 1st until today
\& date=01.04.2008\-
\&
\& days, months \- a range of weekdays (Sun\-Sat) or months (Jan\-Dec)
\& within the specified rule shall hit
\&
\& score \- when the specified score is hit (see ACTIONS section)
\& the specified action will be returned to postfix
\& scores are set global until redefined!
\&
\& request_score \- this value allows to access a request\*(Aqs score. it
\& may be used as variable ($$request_score).
\&
\& rbl, rhsbl, \- query the specified RBLs/RHSBLs, possible values are:
\& rhsbl_client, <name>[/<reply>/<maxcache>, <name>/<reply>/<maxcache>]
\& rhsbl_sender, (defaults: reply=^127\e.0\e.0\e.\ed+$ maxcache=3600)
\& rhsbl_reverse_client the results of all rhsbl_* queries will be combined
\& in rhsbl_count (see below).
\&
\& rblcount, rhsblcount \- minimum RBL/RHSBL hitcounts to match. if not specified
\& a single RBL/RHSBL hit will match the rbl/rhsbl items.
\& you may specify \*(Aqall\*(Aq to evaluate all items, and use
\& it as variable in an action (see ACTIONS section)
\& (default: 1)
\&
\& sender_localpart, \- the local\-/domainpart of the sender address
\& sender_domain
\&
\& recipient_localpart, \- the local\-/domainpart of the recipient address
\& recipient_domain
\&
\& helo_address \- postfwd tries to look up the helo_name. use
\& helo_address=!!(0.0.0.0/0) to check for unknown.
\& Please do not use this for positive access control
\& (whitelisting), as it might be forged.
\&
\& sender_ns_names, \- postfwd tries to look up the names/ip addresses
\& sender_ns_addrs of the nameservers for the sender domain part.
\& Please do not use this for positive access control
\& (whitelisting), as it might be forged.
\&
\& sender_mx_names, \- postfwd tries to look up the names/ip addresses
\& sender_mx_addrs of the mx records for the sender domain part.
\& Please do not use this for positive access control
\& (whitelisting), as it might be forged.
\&
\& version \- postfwd version, contains "postfwd n.nn"
\& this enables version based checks in your rulesets
\& (e.g. for migration). works with old versions too,
\& because a non\-existing item always returns false:
\& # version >= 1.10
\& id=R01; version~=1\e.[1\-9][0\-9]; sender_domain==some.org \e
\& ; action=REJECT sorry no access
\&
\& ratecount \- only available for rate(), size() and rcpt() actions.
\& contains the actual limit counter:
\& id=R01; action=rate(sender/200/600/REJECT limit of 200 exceeded [$$ratecount hits])
\& id=R02; action=rate(sender/100/600/WARN limit of 100 exceeded [$$ratecount hits])
.Ve
.PP
Besides these you can specify any attribute of the postfix policy delegation protocol.
Feel free to combine them the way you need it (have a look at the \s-1EXAMPLES\s0 section below).
.PP
Most values can be specified as regular expressions (\s-1PCRE\s0). Please see the table below
for details:
.PP
.Vb 10
\& # ==========================================================
\& # ITEM=VALUE TYPE
\& # ==========================================================
\& id=something mask = string
\& date=01.04.2007\-22.04.2007 mask = date (DD.MM.YYYY\-DD.MM.YYYY)
\& time=08:30:00\-17:00:00 mask = time (HH:MM:SS\-HH:MM:SS)
\& days=Mon\-Wed mask = weekdays (Mon\-Wed) or numeric (1\-3)
\& months=Feb\-Apr mask = months (Feb\-Apr) or numeric (1\-3)
\& score=5.0 mask = maximum floating point value
\& rbl=zen.spamhaus.org mask = <name>/<reply>/<maxcache>[,...]
\& rblcount=2 mask = numeric, will match if rbl hits >= 2
\& helo_address=<a.b.c.d/nn> mask = CIDR[,CIDR,...]
\& sender_ns_names=some.domain.tld mask = PCRE
\& sender_mx_names=some.domain.tld mask = PCRE
\& sender_ns_addrs=<a.b.c.d/nn> mask = CIDR[,CIDR,...]
\& sender_mx_addrs=<a.b.c.d/nn> mask = CIDR[,CIDR,...]
\& # \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
\& # Postfix version 2.1 and later:
\& # \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
\& client_address=<a.b.c.d/nn> mask = CIDR[,CIDR,...]
\& client_name=another.domain.tld mask = PCRE
\& reverse_client_name=another.domain.tld mask = PCRE
\& helo_name=some.domain.tld mask = PCRE
\& sender=foo@bar.tld mask = PCRE
\& recipient=bar@foo.tld mask = PCRE
\& recipient_count=5 mask = numeric, will match if recipients >= 5
\& # \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
\& # Postfix version 2.2 and later:
\& # \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
\& sasl_method=plain mask = PCRE
\& sasl_username=you mask = PCRE
\& sasl_sender= mask = PCRE
\& size=12345 mask = numeric, will match if size >= 12345
\& ccert_subject=blackhole.nowhere.local mask = PCRE (only if tls verified)
\& ccert_issuer=John+20Doe mask = PCRE (only if tls verified)
\& ccert_fingerprint=AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:... mask = PCRE (do NOT use "..." here)
\& # \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
\& # Postfix version 2.3 and later:
\& # \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
\& encryption_protocol=TLSv1/SSLv3 mask = PCRE
\& encryption_cipher=DHE\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA mask = PCRE
\& encryption_keysize=256 mask = numeric, will match if keysize >= 256
\& ...
.Ve
.PP
the current list can be found at <http://www.postfix.org/SMTPD_POLICY_README.html>. Please read carefully about which
attribute can be used at which level of the smtp transaction (e.g. size will only work reliably at END-OF-MESSAGE level).
Pattern matching is performed case insensitive.
.PP
Multiple use of the same item is allowed and will compared as logical \s-1OR\s0, which means that this will work as expected:
.PP
.Vb 5
\& id=TRUST001; action=OK; encryption_keysize=64
\& ccert_fingerprint=11:22:33:44:55:66:77:88:99
\& ccert_fingerprint=22:33:44:55:66:77:88:99:00
\& ccert_fingerprint=33:44:55:66:77:88:99:00:11
\& sender=@domain\e.local$
.Ve
.PP
client_address, rbl and rhsbl items may also be specified as whitespace-or-comma-separated values:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& id=SKIP01; action=dunno
\& client_address=192.168.1.0/24, 172.16.254.23
\& id=SKIP02; action=dunno
\& client_address=10.10.3.32 10.216.222.0/27
.Ve
.PP
The following items currently have to be unique:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id, minimum and maximum values, rblcount and rhsblcount
.Ve
.PP
Any item can be negated by preceeding '!!' to it, e.g.:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id=HOST001 ; hostname == !!secure.trust.local ; action=REJECT only secure.trust.local please
.Ve
.PP
or using the right compare operator:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id=HOST001 ; hostname != secure.trust.local ; action=REJECT only secure.trust.local please
.Ve
.PP
To avoid confusion with regexps or simply for better visibility you can use '!!(...)':
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id=USER01 ; sasl_username = !!( (bob|alice) ) ; action=REJECT who is that?
.Ve
.PP
Request attributes can be compared by preceeding '$$' characters, e.g.:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& id=R\-003 ; client_name = !! $$helo_name ; action=WARN helo does not match DNS
\& # or
\& id=R\-003 ; client_name = !!($$(helo_name)) ; action=WARN helo does not match DNS
.Ve
.PP
This is only valid for \s-1PCRE\s0 values (see list above). The comparison will be performed as case insensitive exact match.
Use the '\-vv' option to debug.
.PP
These special items will be reset for any new rule:
.PP
.Vb 5
\& rblcount \- contains the number of RBL answers
\& rhsblcount \- contains the number of RHSBL answers
\& matches \- contains the number of matched items
\& dnsbltext \- contains the dns TXT part of all RBL and RHSBL replies in the form
\& rbltype:rblname:<txt>; rbltype:rblname:<txt>; ...
.Ve
.PP
These special items will be changed for any matching rule:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& request_hits \- contains ids of all matching rules
.Ve
.PP
This means that it might be necessary to save them, if you plan to use these values in later rules:
.PP
.Vb 6
\& # set vals
\& id=RBL01 ; rhsblcount=all; rblcount=all
\& action=set(HIT_rhls=$$rhsblcount,HIT_rbls=$$rblcount,HIT_txt=$$dnsbltext)
\& rbl=list.dsbl.org, bl.spamcop.net, dnsbl.sorbs.net, zen.spamhaus.org
\& rhsbl_client=rddn.dnsbl.net.au, rhsbl.ahbl.org, rhsbl.sorbs.net
\& rhsbl_sender=rddn.dnsbl.net.au, rhsbl.ahbl.org, rhsbl.sorbs.net
\&
\& # compare
\& id=RBL02 ; HIT_rhls>=1 ; HIT_rbls>=1 ; action=554 5.7.1 blocked using $$HIT_rhls RHSBLs and $$HIT_rbls RBLs [INFO: $$HIT_txt]
\& id=RBL03 ; HIT_rhls>=2 ; action=554 5.7.1 blocked using $$HIT_rhls RHSBLs [INFO: $$HIT_txt]
\& id=RBL04 ; HIT_rbls>=2 ; action=554 5.7.1 blocked using $$HIT_rbls RBLs [INFO: $$HIT_txt]
.Ve
.SS "\s-1FILES\s0"
.IX Subsection "FILES"
Since postfwd1 v1.15 and postfwd2 v0.18 long item lists can be stored in separate files:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id=R001 ; ccert_fingerprint==file:/etc/postfwd/wl_ccerts ; action=DUNNO
.Ve
.PP
postfwd will read a list of items (one item per line) from /etc/postfwd/wl_ccerts. comments are allowed:
.PP
.Vb 6
\& # client1
\& 11:22:33:44:55:66:77:88:99
\& # client2
\& 22:33:44:55:66:77:88:99:00
\& # client3
\& 33:44:55:66:77:88:99:00:11
.Ve
.PP
To use existing tables in key=value format, you can use:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id=R001 ; ccert_fingerprint==table:/etc/postfwd/wl_ccerts ; action=DUNNO
.Ve
.PP
This will ignore the right-hand value. Items can be mixed:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& id=R002 ; action=REJECT
\& client_name==unknown
\& client_name==file:/etc/postfwd/blacklisted
.Ve
.PP
and for non pcre (comma separated) items:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& id=R003 ; action=REJECT
\& client_address==10.1.1.1, file:/etc/postfwd/blacklisted
\&
\& id=R004 ; action=REJECT
\& rbl=myrbl.home.local, zen.spamhaus.org, file:/etc/postfwd/rbls_changing
.Ve
.PP
You can check your configuration with the \-\-show_config option at the command line:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& # postfwd \-\-showconfig \-\-rule=\*(Aqaction=DUNNO; client_address=10.1.0.0/16, file:/etc/postfwd/wl_clients, 192.168.2.1\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
should give something like:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& Rule 0: id\->"R\-0"; action\->"DUNNO"; client_address\->"=;10.1.0.0/16, =;194.123.86.10, =;186.4.6.12, =;192.168.2.1"
.Ve
.PP
If a file can not be read, it will be ignored:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& # postfwd \-\-showconfig \-\-rule=\*(Aqaction=DUNNO; client_address=10.1.0.0/16, file:/etc/postfwd/wl_clients, 192.168.2.1\*(Aq
\& [LOG warning]: error: file /etc/postfwd/wl_clients not found \- file will be ignored ?
\& Rule 0: id\->"R\-0"; action\->"DUNNO"; client_address\->"=;10.1.0.0/16, =;192.168.2.1"
.Ve
.PP
File items are evaluated at configuration stage. Therefore postfwd needs to be reloaded if a file has changed.
.PP
If you want to specify a file, that will be reloaded for each request, you can use lfile: and ltable:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id=R001; client_address=lfile:/etc/postfwd/client_whitelist; action=dunno
.Ve
.PP
This will check the modification time of /etc/postfwd/client_whitelist every time the rule is evaluated and reload it as
necessary. Of course this might increase the system load, so please use it with care.
.PP
The \-\-showconfig option illustrates the difference:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& ## evaluated at configuration stage
\& # postfwd2 \-\-nodaemon \-L \-\-rule=\*(Aqclient_address=table:/etc/postfwd/clients; action=dunno\*(Aq \-C
\& Rule 0: id\->"R\-0"; action\->"dunno"; client_address\->"=;1.1.1.1, =;1.1.1.2, =;1.1.1.3"
\&
\& ## evaluated for any rulehit
\& # postfwd2 \-\-nodaemon \-L \-\-rule=\*(Aqclient_address=ltable:/etc/postfwd/clients; action=dunno\*(Aq \-C
\& Rule 0: id\->"R\-0"; action\->"dunno"; client_address\->"=;ltable:/etc/postfwd/clients"
.Ve
.PP
Files can refer to other files. The following is valid.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\- FILE /etc/postfwd/rules.cf \-\-
\& id=R001; client_address=file:/etc/postfwd/clients_master.cf; action=DUNNO
\&
\& \-\- FILE /etc/postfwd/clients_master.cf \-\-
\& 192.168.1.0/24
\& file:/etc/postfwd/clients_east.cf
\& file:/etc/postfwd/clients_west.cf
\&
\& \-\- FILE /etc/postfwd/clients_east.cf \-\-
\& 192.168.2.0/24
\&
\& \-\- FILE /etc/postfwd/clients_west.cf \-\-
\& 192.168.3.0/24
.Ve
.PP
Note that there is currently no loop detection (/a/file calls /a/file) and that this feature is only available
with postfwd1 v1.15 and postfwd2 v0.18 and higher.
.SS "\s-1ACTIONS\s0"
.IX Subsection "ACTIONS"
\&\fIGeneral\fR
.PP
Actions will be executed, when all rule items have matched a request (or at least one of any item list). You can refer to
request attributes by preceeding $$ characters, like:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& id=R\-003; client_name = !!$$helo_name; action=WARN helo \*(Aq$$helo_name\*(Aq does not match DNS \*(Aq$$client_name\*(Aq
\& # or
\& id=R\-003; client_name = !!$$helo_name; action=WARN helo \*(Aq$$(helo_name)\*(Aq does not match DNS \*(Aq$$(client_name)\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
\&\fIpostfix actions\fR
.PP
Actions will be replied to postfix as result to policy delegation requests. Any action that postfix understands is allowed \- see
\&\*(L"man 5 access\*(R" or <http://www.postfix.org/access.5.html> for a description. If no action is specified, the postfix \s-1WARN\s0 action
which simply logs the event will be used for the corresponding rule.
.PP
postfwd will return dunno if it has reached the end of the ruleset and no rule has matched. This can be changed by placing a last
rule containing only an action statement:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& ...
\& action=dunno ; sender=@domain.local # sender is ok
\& action=reject # default deny
.Ve
.PP
\&\fIpostfwd actions\fR
.PP
postfwd actions control the behaviour of the program. Currently you can specify the following:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& jump (<id>)
\& jumps to rule with id <id>, use this to skip certain rules.
\& you can jump backwards \- but remember that there is no loop
\& detection at the moment! jumps to non\-existing ids will be skipped.
\&
\& score (<score>)
\& the request\*(Aqs score will be modified by the specified <score>,
\& which must be a floating point value. the modificator can be either
\& +n.nn adds n.nn to current score
\& \-n.nn sustracts n.nn from the current score
\& *n.nn multiplies the current score by n.nn
\& /n.nn divides the current score through n.nn
\& =n.nn sets the current score to n.nn
\& if the score exceeds the maximum set by \`\-\-scores\` option (see
\& COMMAND LINE) or the score item (see ITEMS section), the action
\& defined for this case will be returned (default: 5.0=>"REJECT postfwd score exceeded").
\&
\& set (<item>=<value>,<item>=<value>,...)
\& this command allows you to insert or override request attributes, which then may be
\& compared to your further ruleset. use this to speed up repeated comparisons to large item lists.
\& please see the EXAMPLES section for more information. you may separate multiple key=value pairs
\& by "," characters.
\&
\& rate (<item>/<max>/<time>/<action>)
\& this command creates a counter for the given <item>, which will be increased any time a request
\& containing it arrives. if it exceeds <max> within <time> seconds it will return <action> to postfix.
\& rate counters are very fast as they are executed before the ruleset is parsed.
\& please note that <action> was limited to postfix actions (no postfwd actions) for postfwd versions <1.33!
\& # no more than 3 requests per 5 minutes
\& # from the same "unknown" client
\& id=RATE01 ; client_name==unknown
\& action=rate(client_address/3/300/450 4.7.1 sorry, max 3 requests per 5 minutes)
\& Please note also that the order of rate limits in your ruleset is important, which means
\& that this:
\& # works as expected
\& id=R001; action=rcpt(sender/500/3600/REJECT limit of 500 recipients per hour for sender $$sender exceeded)
\& id=R002; action=rcpt(sender/200/3600/WARN state YELLOW for sender $$sender)
\& leads to different results than this:
\& # rule R002 never gets executed
\& id=R001; action=rcpt(sender/200/3600/WARN state YELLOW for sender $$sender)
\& id=R002; action=rcpt(sender/500/3600/REJECT limit of 500 recipients per hour for sender $$sender exceeded)
\&
\& size (<item>/<max>/<time>/<action>)
\& this command works similar to the rate() command with the difference, that the rate counter is
\& increased by the request\*(Aqs size attribute. to do this reliably you should call postfwd from
\& smtpd_end_of_data_restrictions. if you want to be sure, you could check it within the ruleset:
\& # size limit 1.5mb per hour per client
\& id=SIZE01 ; protocol_state==END\-OF\-MESSAGE ; client_address!=10.1.1.1
\& action=size(client_address/1572864/3600/450 4.7.1 sorry, max 1.5mb per hour)
\&
\& rcpt (<item>/<max>/<time>/<action>)
\& this command works similar to the rate() command with the difference, that the rate counter is
\& increased by the request\*(Aqs recipient_count attribute. to do this reliably you should call postfwd
\& from smtpd_data_restrictions or smtpd_end_of_data_restrictions. if you want to be sure, you could
\& check it within the ruleset:
\& # recipient count limit 3 per hour per client
\& id=RCPT01 ; protocol_state==END\-OF\-MESSAGE ; client_address!=10.1.1.1
\& action=rcpt(client_address/3/3600/450 4.7.1 sorry, max 3 recipients per hour)
\&
\& rate5321,size5321,rcpt5321 (<item>/<max>/<time>/<action>)
\& same as the corresponding non\-5321 functions, with the difference that the localpart of
\& sender oder recipient addresses are evaluated case\-sensitive according to rfc5321. That
\& means that requests from bob@example.local and BoB@example.local will be treated differently
\&
\& ask (<addr>:<port>[:<ignore>])
\& allows to delegate the policy decision to another policy service (e.g. postgrey). the first
\& and the second argument (address and port) are mandatory. a third optional argument may be
\& specified to tell postfwd to ignore certain answers and go on parsing the ruleset:
\& # example1: query postgrey and return it\*(Aqs answer to postfix
\& id=GREY; client_address==10.1.1.1; action=ask(127.0.0.1:10031)
\& # example2: query postgrey but ignore the answer, if it matches \*(AqDUNNO\*(Aq
\& # and continue parsing postfwd\*(Aqs ruleset
\& id=GREY; client_address==10.1.1.1; action=ask(127.0.0.1:10031:^dunno$)
\&
\& mail(server/helo/from/to/subject/body)
\& This command is deprecated. You should try to use the sendmail() action instead.
\& Very basic mail command, that sends a message with the given arguments. LIMITATIONS:
\& This basically performs a telnet. No authentication or TLS are available. Additionally it does
\& not track notification state and will notify you any time, the corresponding rule hits.
\&
\& sendmail(sendmail\-path::from::to::subject::body)
\& Mail command, that uses an existing sendmail binary and sends a message with the given arguments.
\& LIMITATIONS: The command does not track notification state and will notify you any time, the
\& corresponding rule hits (which could mean 100 mails for a mail with 100 recipients at RCPT stage).
\&
\& wait (<delay>)
\& pauses the program execution for <delay> seconds. use this for
\& delaying or throtteling connections.
\&
\& note (<string>)
\& just logs the given string and continues parsing the ruleset.
\& if the string is empty, nothing will be logged (noop).
\&
\& quit (<code>)
\& terminates the program with the given exit\-code. postfix doesn\`t
\& like that too much, so use it with care.
.Ve
.PP
You can reference to request attributes, like
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id=R\-HELO ; helo_name=^[^\e.]+$ ; action=REJECT invalid helo \*(Aq$$helo_name\*(Aq
.Ve
.SS "\s-1MACROS/ACLS\s0"
.IX Subsection "MACROS/ACLS"
Multiple use of long items or combinations of them may be abbreviated by macros. Those must be prefixed by '&&' (two '&' characters).
First the macros have to be defined as follows:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& &&RBLS { rbl=zen.spamhaus.org,list.dsbl.org,bl.spamcop.net,dnsbl.sorbs.net,ix.dnsbl.manitu.net; };
.Ve
.PP
Then these may be used in your rules, like:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& &&RBLS ; client_name=^unknown$ ; action=REJECT
\& &&RBLS ; client_name=(\ed+[\e.\-_]){4} ; action=REJECT
\& &&RBLS ; client_name=[\e.\-_](adsl|dynamic|ppp|)[\e.\-_] ; action=REJECT
.Ve
.PP
Macros can contain actions, too:
.PP
.Vb 6
\& # definition
\& &&GONOW { action=REJECT your request caused our spam detection policy to reject this message. More info at http://www.domain.local; };
\& # rules
\& &&GONOW ; &&RBLS ; client_name=^unknown$
\& &&GONOW ; &&RBLS ; client_name=(\ed+[\e.\-_]){4}
\& &&GONOW ; &&RBLS ; client_name=[\e.\-_](adsl|dynamic|ppp|)[\e.\-_]
.Ve
.PP
Macros can contain macros, too:
.PP
.Vb 10
\& # definition
\& &&RBLS{
\& rbl=zen.spamhaus.org
\& rbl=list.dsbl.org
\& rbl=bl.spamcop.net
\& rbl=dnsbl.sorbs.net
\& rbl=ix.dnsbl.manitu.net
\& };
\& &&DYNAMIC{
\& client_name=^unknown$
\& client_name=(\ed+[\e.\-_]){4}
\& client_name=[\e.\-_](adsl|dynamic|ppp|)[\e.\-_]
\& };
\& &&GOAWAY { &&RBLS; &&DYNAMIC; };
\& # rules
\& &&GOAWAY ; action=REJECT dynamic client and listed on RBL
.Ve
.PP
Basically macros are simple text substitutions \- see the \*(L"\s-1PARSER\s0\*(R" section for more information.
.SS "\s-1PLUGINS\s0"
.IX Subsection "PLUGINS"
\&\fBDescription\fR
.PP
The plugin interface allow you to define your own checks and enhance postfwd's
functionality. Feel free to share useful things!
.PP
\&\fBWarning\fR
.PP
Note that the plugin interface is still at devel stage. Please test your plugins
carefully, because errors may cause postfwd to break! It is also
allowed to override attributes or built-in functions, but be sure that you know
what you do because some of them are used internally.
.PP
Please keep security in mind, when you access sensible ressources and never, ever
run postfwd as privileged user! Also never trust your input (especially hostnames,
and e\-mail addresses).
.PP
\&\fB\s-1ITEMS\s0\fR
.PP
Item plugins are perl subroutines which integrate additional attributes to requests
before they are evaluated against postfwd's ruleset like any other item of the
policy delegation protocol. This allows you to create your own checks.
.PP
plugin-items can not be used selective. these functions will be executed for every
request postfwd receives, so keep performance in mind.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& SYNOPSIS: %result = postfwd_items_plugin{<name>}(%request)
.Ve
.PP
means that your subroutine, called <name>, has access to a hash called \f(CW%request\fR,
which contains all request attributes, like \f(CW$request\fR{client_name} and must
return a value in the following form:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& save: $result{<item>} = <value>
.Ve
.PP
this creates the new item <item> containing <value>, which will be integrated in
the policy delegation request and therefore may be used in postfwd's ruleset.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& # do NOT remove the next line
\& %postfwd_items_plugin = (
\&
\& # EXAMPLES \- integrated in postfwd. no need to activate them here.
\&
\& # allows to check postfwd version in ruleset
\& "version" => sub {
\& my(%request) = @_;
\& my(%result) = (
\& "version" => $NAME." ".$VERSION,
\& );
\& return %result;
\& },
\&
\& # sender_domain and recipient_domain
\& "address_parts" => sub {
\& my(%request) = @_;
\& my(%result) = ();
\& $request{sender} =~ /@([^@]*)$/;
\& $result{sender_domain} = ($1 || \*(Aq\*(Aq);
\& $request{recipient} =~ /@([^@]*)$/;
\& $result{recipient_domain} = ($1 || \*(Aq\*(Aq);
\& return %result;
\& },
\&
\& # do NOT remove the next line
\& );
.Ve
.PP
\&\fB\s-1COMPARE\s0\fR
.PP
Compare plugins allow you to define how your new items should be compared to the ruleset.
These are optional. If you don't specify one, the default (== for exact match, =~ for \s-1PCRE\s0, ...)
will be used.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& SYNOPSIS: <item> => sub { return &{$postfwd_compare{<type>}}(@_); },
\&
\& # do NOT remove the next line
\& %postfwd_compare_plugin = (
\&
\& EXAMPLES \- integrated in postfwd. no need to activate them here.
\&
\& # Simple example
\& # SYNOPSIS: <result> = <item> (return &{$postfwd_compare{<type>}}(@_))
\& "client_address" => sub { return &{$postfwd_compare{cidr}}(@_); },
\& "size" => sub { return &{$postfwd_compare{numeric}}(@_); },
\& "recipient_count" => sub { return &{$postfwd_compare{numeric}}(@_); },
\&
\& # Complex example
\& # SYNOPSIS: <result> = <item>(<operator>, <ruleset value>, <request value>, <request>)
\& "numeric" => sub {
\& my($cmp,$val,$myitem,%request) = @_;
\& my($myresult) = undef; $myitem ||= "0"; $val ||= "0";
\& if ($cmp eq \*(Aq==\*(Aq) {
\& $myresult = ($myitem == $val);
\& } elsif ($cmp eq \*(Aq=<\*(Aq) {
\& $myresult = ($myitem <= $val);
\& } elsif ($cmp eq \*(Aq=>\*(Aq) {
\& $myresult = ($myitem >= $val);
\& } elsif ($cmp eq \*(Aq<\*(Aq) {
\& $myresult = ($myitem < $val);
\& } elsif ($cmp eq \*(Aq>\*(Aq) {
\& $myresult = ($myitem > $val);
\& } elsif ($cmp eq \*(Aq!=\*(Aq) {
\& $myresult = not($myitem == $val);
\& } elsif ($cmp eq \*(Aq!<\*(Aq) {
\& $myresult = not($myitem <= $val);
\& } elsif ($cmp eq \*(Aq!>\*(Aq) {
\& $myresult = not($myitem >= $val);
\& } else {
\& $myresult = ($myitem >= $val);
\& };
\& return $myresult;
\& },
\&
\& # do NOT remove the next line
\& );
.Ve
.PP
\&\fB\s-1ACTIONS\s0\fR
.PP
Action plugins allow to define new postfwd actions. By setting the \f(CW$stop\fR\-flag you can decide to
continue or to stop parsing the ruleset.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& SYNOPSIS: (<stop rule parsing>, <next rule index>, <return action>, <logprefix>, <request>) =
\& <action> (<current rule index>, <current time>, <command name>, <argument>, <logprefix>, <request>)
\&
\& # do NOT remove the next line
\& %postfwd_actions_plugin = (
\&
\& # EXAMPLES \- integrated in postfwd. no need to activate them here.
\&
\& # note(<logstring>) command
\& "note" => sub {
\& my($index,$now,$mycmd,$myarg,$myline,%request) = @_;
\& my($myaction) = \*(Aqdunno\*(Aq; my($stop) = 0;
\& log_info "[RULES] ".$myline." \- note: ".$myarg if $myarg;
\& return ($stop,$index,$myaction,$myline,%request);
\& },
\&
\& # skips next <myarg> rules
\& "skip" => sub {
\& my($index,$now,$mycmd,$myarg,$myline,%request) = @_;
\& my($myaction) = \*(Aqdunno\*(Aq; my($stop) = 0;
\& $index += $myarg if ( $myarg and not(($index + $myarg) > $#Rules) );
\& return ($stop,$index,$myaction,$myline,%request);
\& },
\&
\& # dumps current request contents to syslog
\& "dumprequest" => sub {
\& my($index,$now,$mycmd,$myarg,$myline,%request) = @_;
\& my($myaction) = \*(Aqdunno\*(Aq; my($stop) = 0;
\& map { log_info "[DUMP] rule=$index, Attribute: $_=$request{$_}" } (keys %request);
\& return ($stop,$index,$myaction,$myline,%request);
\& },
\&
\& # do NOT remove the next line
\& );
.Ve
.SS "\s-1COMMAND\s0 \s-1LINE\s0"
.IX Subsection "COMMAND LINE"
\&\fIRuleset\fR
.PP
The following arguments are used to specify the source of the postfwd ruleset. This means
that at least one of the following is required for postfwd to work.
.PP
.Vb 3
\& \-f, \-\-file <file>
\& Reads rules from <file>. Please see the CONFIGURATION section
\& below for more information.
\&
\& \-r, \-\-rule <rule>
\& Adds <rule> to ruleset. Remember that you might have to quote
\& strings that contain whitespaces or shell characters.
.Ve
.PP
\&\fIScoring\fR
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-s, \-\-scores <val>=<action>
\& Returns <action> to postfix, when the request\*(Aqs score exceeds <val>
.Ve
.PP
Multiple usage is allowed. Just chain your arguments, like:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& postfwd \-r "<item>=<value>;action=<result>" \-f <file> \-f <file> ...
\& or
\& postfwd \-\-scores 4.5="WARN high score" \-\-scores 5.0="REJECT postfwd score too high" ...
.Ve
.PP
In case of multiple scores, the highest match will count. The order of the arguments will be
reflected in the postfwd ruleset.
.PP
\&\fIControl\fR
.PP
.Vb 3
\& \-d, \-\-daemon
\& postfwd will run as daemon and listen on the network for incoming
\& queries (default 127.0.0.1:10040).
\&
\& \-k, \-\-kill
\& Stops a running postfwd daemon.
\&
\& \-\-reload
\& Reloads configuration.
\&
\& \-\-dumpstats
\& Displays program usage statistics.
\&
\& \-\-dumpcache
\& Displays cache contents.
\&
\& \-\-delcache <item>
\& Removes an item from the request cache. Use \-\-dumpcache to identify objects.
\& E.g.:
\& # postfwd \-\-dumpcache
\& ...
\& %rate_cache \-> %sender=gmato@jqvo.org \-> %RATE002+2_600 \-> @count \-> \*(Aq1\*(Aq
\& %rate_cache \-> %sender=gmato@jqvo.org \-> %RATE002+2_600 \-> @maxcount \-> \*(Aq2\*(Aq
\& ...
\& # postfwd \-\-delrate="sender=gmato@jqvo.org"
\& rate cache item \*(Aqsender=gmato@jqvo.org\*(Aq removed
\&
\& \-\-delrate <item>
\& Removes an item from the rate cache. Use \-\-dumpcache to identify objects.
.Ve
.PP
\&\fINetworking\fR
.PP
postfwd can be run as daemon so that it listens on the network for incoming requests.
The following arguments will control it's behaviour in this case.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-i, \-\-interface <dev>
\& Bind postfwd to the specified interface (default 127.0.0.1).
\&
\& \-p, \-\-port <port>
\& postfwd listens on the specified port (default tcp/10040).
\&
\& \-\-proto <type>
\& The protocol type for postfwd\*(Aqs socket. Currently you may use \*(Aqtcp\*(Aq or \*(Aqunix\*(Aq here.
\& To use postfwd with a unix domain socket, run it as follows:
\& postfwd \-\-proto=unix \-\-port=/somewhere/postfwd.socket
\&
\& \-u, \-\-user <name>
\& Changes real and effective user to <name>.
\&
\& \-g, \-\-group <name>
\& Changes real and effective group to <name>.
\&
\& \-\-umask <mask>
\& Changes the umask for filepermissions (unix domain sockets, pidfiles).
\& Attention: This is umask, not chmod \- you have to specify the bits that
\& should NOT apply. E.g.: umask 077 equals to chmod 700.
\&
\& \-R, \-\-chroot <path>
\& Chroot the process to the specified path.
\& Test this before using \- you might need some libs there.
\&
\& \-\-pidfile <path>
\& The process id will be saved in the specified file.
\&
\& \-\-facility <f>
\& sets the syslog facility, default is \*(Aqmail\*(Aq
\&
\& \-\-socktype <s>
\& sets the Sys::Syslog socktype to \*(Aqnative\*(Aq, \*(Aqinet\*(Aq or \*(Aqunix\*(Aq.
\& Default is to auto\-detect this depening on module version and os.
\&
\& \-l, \-\-logname <label>
\& Labels the syslog messages. Useful when running multiple
\& instances of postfwd.
\&
\& \-\-loglen <int>
\& Truncates any syslog message after <int> characters.
.Ve
.PP
\&\fIPlugins\fR
.PP
.Vb 3
\& \-\-plugins <file>
\& Loads postfwd plugins from file. Please see http://postfwd.org/postfwd.plugins
\& or the plugins.postfwd.sample that is available from the tarball for more info.
.Ve
.PP
\&\fIOptional arguments\fR
.PP
These parameters influence the way postfwd is working. Any of them can be combined.
.PP
.Vb 4
\& \-v, \-\-verbose
\& Verbose logging displays a lot of useful information but can cause
\& your logfiles to grow noticeably. So use it with caution. Set the option
\& twice (\-vv) to get more information (logs all request attributes).
\&
\& \-c, \-\-cache <int> (default=600)
\& Timeout for request cache, results for identical requests will be
\& cached until config is reloaded or this time (in seconds) expired.
\& A setting of 0 disables this feature.
\&
\& \-\-cache\-no\-size
\& Ignores size attribute for cache comparisons which will lead to better
\& cache\-hit rates. You should set this option, if you don\*(Aqt use the size
\& item in your ruleset.
\&
\& \-\-cache\-no\-sender
\& Ignores sender address for cache comparisons which will lead to better
\& cache\-hit rates. You should set this option, if you don\*(Aqt use the sender
\& item in your ruleset.
\&
\& \-\-cache\-rdomain\-only
\& This will strip the localpart of the recipient\*(Aqs address before filling the
\& cache. This may considerably increase cache\-hit rates.
\&
\& \-\-cache\-rbl\-timeout <timeout> (default=3600)
\& This default value will be used as timeout in seconds for rbl cache items,
\& if not specified in the ruleset.
\&
\& \-\-cache\-rbl\-default <pattern> (default=^127\e.0\e.0\e.\ed+$)
\& Matches <pattern> to rbl/rhsbl answers (regexp) if not specified in the ruleset.
\&
\& \-\-cacheid <item>, <item>, ...
\& This csv\-separated list of request attributes will be used to construct
\& the request cache identifier. Use this only, if you know exactly what you
\& are doing. If you, for example, use postfwd only for RBL/RHSBL control,
\& you may set this to
\& postfwd \-\-cache=3600 \-\-cacheid=client_name,client_address
\& This increases efficiency of caching and improves postfwd\*(Aqs performance.
\& Warning: You should list all items here, which are used in your ruleset!
\&
\& \-\-cleanup\-requests <interval> (default=600)
\& The request cache will be searched for timed out items after this <interval> in
\& seconds. It is a minimum value. The cleanup process will only take place, when
\& a new request arrives.
\&
\& \-\-cleanup\-rbls <interval> (default=600)
\& The rbl cache will be searched for timed out items after this <interval> in
\& seconds. It is a minimum value. The cleanup process will only take place, when
\& a new request arrives.
\&
\& \-\-cleanup\-rates <interval> (default=600)
\& The rate cache will be searched for timed out items after this <interval> in
\& seconds. It is a minimum value. The cleanup process will only take place, when
\& a new request arrives.
\&
\& \-S, \-\-summary <int> (default=600)
\& Shows some usage statistics (program uptime, request counter, matching rules)
\& every <int> seconds. This option is included by the \-v switch.
\& This feature uses the alarm signal, so you can force postfwd to dump the stats
\& using \`kill \-ALRM <pid>\` (where <pid> is the process id of postfwd).
\&
\& Example:
\& Aug 19 12:39:45 mail1 postfwd[666]: [STATS] Counters: 213000 seconds uptime, 39 rules
\& Aug 19 12:39:45 mail1 postfwd[666]: [STATS] Requests: 71643 overall, 49 last interval, 62.88% cache hits
\& Aug 19 12:39:45 mail1 postfwd[666]: [STATS] Averages: 20.18 overall, 4.90 last interval, 557.30 top
\& Aug 19 12:39:45 mail1 postfwd[666]: [STATS] Contents: 44 cached requests, 239 cached dnsbl results
\& Aug 19 12:39:45 mail1 postfwd[666]: [STATS] Rule ID: R\-001 matched: 2704 times
\& Aug 19 12:39:45 mail1 postfwd[666]: [STATS] Rule ID: R\-002 matched: 9351 times
\& Aug 19 12:39:45 mail1 postfwd[666]: [STATS] Rule ID: R\-003 matched: 3116 times
\& ...
\&
\& \-\-no\-rulestats
\& Disables per rule statistics. Keeps your log clean, if you do not use them.
\& This option has no effect without \-\-summary or \-\-verbose set.
\&
\& \-L, \-\-stdoutlog
\& Redirects all syslog messages to stdout for debugging. Never use this with postfix!
\&
\& \-t, \-\-test
\& In test mode postfwd always returns "dunno", but logs according
\& to it\`s ruleset. \-v will be set automatically with this option.
\&
\& \-n, \-\-nodns
\& Disables all DNS based checks like RBL checks. Rules containing
\& such elements will be ignored.
\&
\& \-n, \-\-nodnslog
\& Disables logging of dns events.
\&
\& \-\-dns_timeout (default: 14)
\& Sets the timeout for asynchonous dns queries in seconds. This value will apply to
\& all dns items in a rule.
\&
\& \-\-dns_timeout_max (default: 10)
\& Sets the maximum timeout counter for dnsbl lookups. If the timeouts exceed this value
\& the corresponding dnsbl will be deactivated for a while (see \-\-dns_timeout_interval).
\&
\& \-\-dns_timeout_interval (default=1200)
\& The dnsbl timeout counter will be cleaned after this interval in seconds. Use this
\& in conjunction with the \-\-dns_timeout_max parameter.
\&
\& \-\-dns_async_txt
\& Perform dnsbl A and TXT lookups simultaneously (otherwise only for listings with at
\& least one A record). This needs more network bandwidth due to increased queries but
\& might increase throughput because the lookups can be parallelized.
\&
\& \-\-dns_max_ns_lookups (default=0)
\& maximum ns names to lookup up with sender_ns_addrs item. use 0 for no maximum.
\&
\& \-\-dns_max_mx_lookups (default=0)
\& maximum mx names to lookup up with sender_mx_addrs item. use 0 for no maximum.
\&
\& \-I, \-\-instantcfg
\& The config files, specified by \-f will be re\-read for every request
\& postfwd receives. This enables on\-the\-fly configuration changes
\& without restarting. Though files will be read only if necessary
\& (which means their access times changed since last read) this might
\& significantly increase system load.
\&
\& \-\-config_timeout (default=3)
\& timeout in seconds to parse a single configuration line. if exceeded, the rule will
\& be skipped. this is used to prevent problems due to large files or loops.
\&
\& \-\-keep_rates (default=0)
\& With this option set postfwd does not clear the rate limit counters on reload. Please
\& note that you have to restart (not reload) postfwd with this option if you change
\& any rate limit rules.
\&
\& \-\-save_rates (default=none)
\& With this option postfwd saves existing rate limit counters to disk and reloads them
\& on program start. This allows persistent rate limits across program restarts or reboots.
\& Please note that postfwd needs read and write access to the specified file.
\&
\& \-\-fast_limit_evaluation (default=0)
\& Once a ratelimit was set by the ruleset, future requests will be evaluated against it
\& before consulting the ruleset. This mode was the default behaviour until v1.30.
\& With this mode rate limits will be faster, but also eventually set up
\& whitelisting\-rules within the ruleset might not work as expected.
\& LIMITATIONS: This option does not allow nested postfwd commands like
\& action=rate(sender/3/60/wait(3))
\& This option doe not work with the strict\-rfc5321 rate() functions.
.Ve
.PP
\&\fIInformational arguments\fR
.PP
These arguments are for command line usage only. Never ever use them with postfix spawn!
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-C, \-\-showconfig
\& Displays the current ruleset. Use \-v for verbose output.
\&
\& \-P, \-\-perfmon
\& This option turns of any syslogging and output. It is included
\& for performance testing.
\&
\& \-V, \-\-version
\& Displays the program version.
\&
\& \-h, \-\-help
\& Shows program usage.
\&
\& \-m, \-\-manual
\& Displays the program manual.
.Ve
.SS "\s-1REFRESH\s0"
.IX Subsection "REFRESH"
In daemon mode postfwd reloads it's ruleset after receiving a \s-1HUP\s0 signal. Please see the description of
the '\-I' switch to have your configuration refreshed for every request postfwd receives.
.SS "\s-1EXAMPLES\s0"
.IX Subsection "EXAMPLES"
.Vb 7
\& ## whitelisting
\& # 1. networks 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.4
\& # 2. client_names *.gmx.net and *.gmx.de
\& # 3. sender *@someshop.tld from 11.22.33.44
\& id=WL001; action=dunno ; client_address=192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.4
\& id=WL002; action=dunno ; client_name=\e.gmx\e.(net|de)$
\& id=WL003; action=dunno ; sender=@someshop\e.tld$ ; client_address=11.22.33.44
\&
\& ## TLS control
\& # 1. *@authority.tld only with correct TLS fingerprint
\& # 2. *@secret.tld only with keysizes >=64
\& id=TL001; action=dunno ; sender=@authority\e.tld$ ; ccert_fingerprint=AA:BB:CC..
\& id=TL002; action=REJECT wrong TLS fingerprint ; sender=@authority\e.tld$
\& id=TL003; action=REJECT tls keylength < 64 ; sender=@secret\e.tld$ ; encryption_keysize=64
\&
\& ## Combined RBL checks
\& # This will reject mail if
\& # 1. listed on ix.dnsbl.manitu.net
\& # 2. listed on zen.spamhaus.org (sbl and xbl, dns cache timeout 1200s instead of 3600s)
\& # 3. listed on min 2 of bl.spamcop.net, list.dsbl.org, dnsbl.sorbs.net
\& # 4. listed on bl.spamcop.net and one of rhsbl.ahbl.org, rhsbl.sorbs.net
\& id=RBL01 ; action=REJECT listed on ix.dnsbl.manitu.net ; rbl=ix.dnsbl.manitu.net
\& id=RBL02 ; action=REJECT listed on zen.spamhaus.org ; rbl=zen.spamhaus.org/127.0.0.[2\-8]/1200
\& id=RBL03 ; action=REJECT listed on too many RBLs ; rblcount=2 ; rbl=bl.spamcop.net, list.dsbl.org, dnsbl.sorbs.net
\& id=RBL04 ; action=REJECT combined RBL+RHSBL check ; rbl=bl.spamcop.net ; rhsbl=rhsbl.ahbl.org, rhsbl.sorbs.net
\&
\& ## Message size (requires message_size_limit to be set to 30000000)
\& # 1. 30MB for systems in *.customer1.tld
\& # 2. 20MB for SASL user joejob
\& # 3. 10MB default
\& id=SZ001; protocol_state==END\-OF\-MESSAGE; action=DUNNO; size<=30000000 ; client_name=\e.customer1.tld$
\& id=SZ002; protocol_state==END\-OF\-MESSAGE; action=DUNNO; size<=20000000 ; sasl_username==joejob
\& id=SZ002; protocol_state==END\-OF\-MESSAGE; action=DUNNO; size<=10000000
\& id=SZ100; protocol_state==END\-OF\-MESSAGE; action=REJECT message too large
\&
\& ## Selective Greylisting
\& ##
\& ## Note that postfwd does not include greylisting. This setup requires a running postgrey service
\& ## at port 10031 and the following postfix restriction class in your main.cf:
\& ##
\& ## smtpd_restriction_classes = check_postgrey, ...
\& ## check_postgrey = check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
\& #
\& # 1. if listed on zen.spamhaus.org with results 127.0.0.10 or .11, dns cache timeout 1200s
\& # 2. Client has no rDNS
\& # 3. Client comes from several dialin domains
\& id=GR001; action=check_postgrey ; rbl=dul.dnsbl.sorbs.net, zen.spamhaus.org/127.0.0.1[01]/1200
\& id=GR002; action=check_postgrey ; client_name=^unknown$
\& id=GR003; action=check_postgrey ; client_name=\e.(t\-ipconnect|alicedsl|ish)\e.de$
\&
\& ## Date Time
\& date=24.12.2007\-26.12.2007 ; action=450 4.7.1 office closed during christmas
\& time=04:00:00\-05:00:00 ; action=450 4.7.1 maintenance ongoing, try again later
\& time=\-07:00:00 ; sasl_username=jim ; action=450 4.7.1 to early for you, jim
\& time=22:00:00\- ; sasl_username=jim ; action=450 4.7.1 to late now, jim
\& months=\-Apr ; action=450 4.7.1 see you in may
\& days=!!Mon\-Fri ; action=check_postgrey
\&
\& ## Usage of jump
\& # The following allows a message size of 30MB for different
\& # users/clients while others will only have 10MB.
\& id=R001 ; action=jump(R100) ; sasl_username=^(Alice|Bob|Jane)$
\& id=R002 ; action=jump(R100) ; client_address=192.168.1.0/24
\& id=R003 ; action=jump(R100) ; ccert_fingerprint=AA:BB:CC:DD:...
\& id=R004 ; action=jump(R100) ; ccert_fingerprint=AF:BE:CD:DC:...
\& id=R005 ; action=jump(R100) ; ccert_fingerprint=DD:CC:BB:DD:...
\& id=R099 ; protocol_state==END\-OF\-MESSAGE; action=REJECT message too big (max. 10MB); size=10000000
\& id=R100 ; protocol_state==END\-OF\-MESSAGE; action=REJECT message too big (max. 30MB); size=30000000
\&
\& ## Usage of score
\& # The following rejects a mail, if the client
\& # \- is listed on 1 RBL and 1 RHSBL
\& # \- is listed in 1 RBL or 1 RHSBL and has no correct rDNS
\& # \- other clients without correct rDNS will be greylist\-checked
\& # \- some whitelists are used to lower the score
\& id=S01 ; score=2.6 ; action=check_postgrey
\& id=S02 ; score=5.0 ; action=REJECT postfwd score too high
\& id=R00 ; action=score(\-1.0) ; rbl=exemptions.ahbl.org,list.dnswl.org,query.bondedsender.org,spf.trusted\-forwarder.org
\& id=R01 ; action=score(2.5) ; rbl=bl.spamcop.net, list.dsbl.org, dnsbl.sorbs.net
\& id=R02 ; action=score(2.5) ; rhsbl=rhsbl.ahbl.org, rhsbl.sorbs.net
\& id=N01 ; action=score(\-0.2) ; client_name==$$helo_name
\& id=N02 ; action=score(2.7) ; client_name=^unknown$
\& ...
\&
\& ## Usage of rate and size
\& # The following temporary rejects requests from "unknown" clients, if they
\& # 1. exceeded 30 requests per hour or
\& # 2. tried to send more than 1.5mb within 10 minutes
\& id=RATE01 ; client_name==unknown ; protocol_state==RCPT
\& action=rate(client_address/30/3600/450 4.7.1 sorry, max 30 requests per hour)
\& id=SIZE01 ; client_name==unknown ; protocol_state==END\-OF\-MESSAGE
\& action=size(client_address/1572864/600/450 4.7.1 sorry, max 1.5mb per 10 minutes)
\&
\& ## Macros
\& # definition
\& &&RBLS { rbl=zen.spamhaus.org,list.dsbl.org,bl.spamcop.net,dnsbl.sorbs.net,ix.dnsbl.manitu.net; };
\& &&GONOW { action=REJECT your request caused our spam detection policy to reject this message. More info at http://www.domain.local; };
\& # rules
\& &&GONOW ; &&RBLS ; client_name=^unknown$
\& &&GONOW ; &&RBLS ; client_name=(\ed+[\e.\-_]){4}
\& &&GONOW ; &&RBLS ; client_name=[\e.\-_](adsl|dynamic|ppp|)[\e.\-_]
\&
\& ## Groups
\& # definition
\& &&RBLS{
\& rbl=zen.spamhaus.org
\& rbl=list.dsbl.org
\& rbl=bl.spamcop.net
\& rbl=dnsbl.sorbs.net
\& rbl=ix.dnsbl.manitu.net
\& };
\& &&RHSBLS{
\& ...
\& };
\& &&DYNAMIC{
\& client_name==unknown
\& client_name~=(\ed+[\e.\-_]){4}
\& client_name~=[\e.\-_](adsl|dynamic|ppp|)[\e.\-_]
\& ...
\& };
\& &&BAD_HELO{
\& helo_name==my.name.tld
\& helo_name~=^([^\e.]+)$
\& helo_name~=\e.(local|lan)$
\& ...
\& };
\& &&MAINTENANCE{
\& date=15.01.2007
\& date=15.04.2007
\& date=15.07.2007
\& date=15.10.2007
\& time=03:00:00 \- 04:00:00
\& };
\& # rules
\& id=COMBINED ; &&RBLS ; &&DYNAMIC ; action=REJECT dynamic client and listed on RBL
\& id=MAINTENANCE ; &&MAINTENANCE ; action=DEFER maintenance time \- please try again later
\&
\& # now with the set() command, note that long item
\& # lists don\*(Aqt have to be compared twice
\& id=RBL01 ; &&RBLS ; action=set(HIT_rbls=1)
\& id=HELO01 ; &&BAD_HELO ; action=set(HIT_helo=1)
\& id=DYNA01 ; &&DYNAMIC ; action=set(HIT_dyna=1)
\& id=REJECT01 ; HIT_rbls==1 ; HIT_helo==1 ; action=REJECT please see http://some.org/info?reject=01 for more info
\& id=REJECT02 ; HIT_rbls==1 ; HIT_dyna==1 ; action=REJECT please see http://some.org/info?reject=02 for more info
\& id=REJECT03 ; HIT_helo==1 ; HIT_dyna==1 ; action=REJECT please see http://some.org/info?reject=03 for more info
\&
\& ## combined with enhanced rbl features
\& #
\& id=RBL01 ; rhsblcount=all ; rblcount=all ; &&RBLS ; &&RHSBLS
\& action=set(HIT_dnsbls=$$rhsblcount,HIT_dnsbls+=$$rblcount,HIT_dnstxt=$$dnsbltext)
\& id=RBL02 ; HIT_dnsbls>=2 ; action=554 5.7.1 blocked using $$HIT_dnsbls DNSBLs [INFO: $$HIT_dnstxt]
.Ve
.SS "\s-1PARSER\s0"
.IX Subsection "PARSER"
\&\fIConfiguration\fR
.PP
The postfwd ruleset can be specified at the commandline (\-r option) or be read from files (\-f). The order of your arguments will be kept. You should
check the parser with the \-C | \-\-showconfig switch at the command line before applying a new config. The following call:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& postfwd \-\-showconfig \e
\& \-r "id=TEST; recipient_count=100; action=WARN mail with 100+ recipients" \e
\& \-f /etc/postfwd.cf \e
\& \-r "id=DEFAULT; action=dunno";
.Ve
.PP
will produce the following output:
.PP
.Vb 5
\& Rule 0: id\->"TEST" action\->"WARN mail with 100+ recipients"; recipient_count\->"100"
\& ...
\& ... <content of /etc/postfwd.cf> ...
\& ...
\& Rule <n>: id\->"DEFAULT" action\->"dunno"
.Ve
.PP
Multiple items of the same type will be added to lists (see the \*(L"\s-1ITEMS\s0\*(R" section for more info):
.PP
.Vb 2
\& postfwd \-\-showconfig \e
\& \-r "client_address=192.168.1.0/24; client_address=172.16.26.32; action=dunno"
.Ve
.PP
will result in:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& Rule 0: id\->"R\-0"; action\->"dunno"; client_address\->"192.168.1.0/24, 172.16.26.32"
.Ve
.PP
Macros are evaluated at configuration stage, which means that
.PP
.Vb 3
\& postfwd \-\-showconfig \e
\& \-r "&&RBLS { rbl=bl.spamcop.net; client_name=^unknown$; };" \e
\& \-r "id=RBL001; &&RBLS; action=REJECT listed on spamcop and bad rdns";
.Ve
.PP
will result in:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& Rule 0: id\->"RBL001"; action\->"REJECT listed on spamcop and bad rdns"; rbl\->"bl.spamcop.net"; client_name\->"^unknown$"
.Ve
.PP
\&\fIRequest processing\fR
.PP
When a policy delegation request arrives it will be compared against postfwd`s ruleset. To inspect the processing in detail you should increase
verbority using use the \*(L"\-v\*(R" or \*(L"\-vv\*(R" switch. \*(L"\-L\*(R" redirects log messages to stdout.
.PP
Keeping the order of the ruleset in general, items will be compared in random order, which basically means that
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id=R001; action=dunno; client_address=192.168.1.1; sender=bob@alice.local
.Ve
.PP
equals to
.PP
.Vb 1
\& id=R001; sender=bob@alice.local; client_address=192.168.1.1; action=dunno
.Ve
.PP
Lists will be evaluated in the specified order. This allows to place faster expressions at first:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& postfwd \-vv \-L \-r "id=RBL001; rbl=localrbl.local zen.spamhaus.org; action=REJECT" /some/where/request.sample
.Ve
.PP
produces the following
.PP
.Vb 11
\& [LOGS info]: compare rbl: "remotehost.remote.net[68.10.1.7]" \-> "localrbl.local"
\& [LOGS info]: count1 rbl: "2" \-> "0"
\& [LOGS info]: query rbl: localrbl.local 7.1.10.68 (7.1.10.68.localrbl.local)
\& [LOGS info]: count2 rbl: "2" \-> "0"
\& [LOGS info]: match rbl: FALSE
\& [LOGS info]: compare rbl: "remotehost.remote.net[68.10.1.7]" \-> "zen.spamhaus.org"
\& [LOGS info]: count1 rbl: "2" \-> "0"
\& [LOGS info]: query rbl: zen.spamhaus.org 7.1.10.68 (7.1.10.68.zen.spamhaus.org)
\& [LOGS info]: count2 rbl: "2" \-> "0"
\& [LOGS info]: match rbl: FALSE
\& [LOGS info]: Action: dunno
.Ve
.PP
The negation operator !!(<value>) has the highest priority and therefore will be evaluated first. Then variable substitutions are performed:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& postfwd \-vv \-L \-r "id=TEST; action=REJECT; client_name=!!($$heloname)" /some/where/request.sample
.Ve
.PP
will give
.PP
.Vb 5
\& [LOGS info]: compare client_name: "unknown" \-> "!!($$helo_name)"
\& [LOGS info]: negate client_name: "unknown" \-> "$$helo_name"
\& [LOGS info]: substitute client_name: "unknown" \-> "english\-breakfast.cloud8.net"
\& [LOGS info]: match client_name: TRUE
\& [LOGS info]: Action: REJECT
.Ve
.PP
\&\fIRuleset evaluation\fR
.PP
A rule hits when all items (or at least one element of a list for each item) have matched. As soon as one item (or all elements of a list) fails
to compare against the request attribute the parser will jump to the next rule in the postfwd ruleset.
.PP
If a rule matches, there are two options:
.PP
* Rule returns postfix action (dunno, reject, ...)
The parser stops rule processing and returns the action to postfix. Other rules will not be evaluated.
.PP
* Rule returns postfwd action (\fIjump()\fR, \fInote()\fR, ...)
The parser evaluates the given action and continues with the next rule (except for the \fIjump()\fR or \fIquit()\fR actions \- please see the \*(L"\s-1ACTIONS\s0\*(R" section
for more information). Nothing will be sent to postfix.
.PP
If no rule has matched and the end of the ruleset is reached postfwd will return dunno without logging anything unless in verbose mode. You may
simply place a last `catch\-allA\*^X rule to change that behaviour:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& ... <your rules> ...
\& id=DEFAULT ; action=dunno
.Ve
.PP
will log any request that passes the ruleset without having hit a prior rule.
.SS "\s-1INTEGRATION\s0"
.IX Subsection "INTEGRATION"
\&\fIIntegration via daemon mode\fR
.PP
The common way to use postfwd is to start it as daemon, listening at a specified tcp port.
As postfwd will run in a single instance (multiplexing mode), it will take most benefit of
it`s internal caching in that case. Start postfwd with the following parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& postfwd \-d \-f /etc/postfwd.cf \-i 127.0.0.1 \-p 10040 \-u nobody \-g nobody \-S
.Ve
.PP
For efficient caching you should check if you can use the options \-\-cache\-rdomain\-only, \-\-cache\-no\-sender
and \-\-cache\-no\-size.
.PP
Now check your syslogs (default facility \*(L"mail\*(R") for a line like:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& Aug 9 23:00:24 mail postfwd[5158]: postfwd n.nn ready for input
.Ve
.PP
and use `netstat \-an|grep 10040` to check for something like
.PP
.Vb 1
\& tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:10040 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
.Ve
.PP
If everything works, open your postfix main.cf and insert the following
.PP
.Vb 4
\& 127.0.0.1:10040_time_limit = 3600 <\-\-\- integration
\& smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks <\-\-\- recommended
\& reject_unauth_destination <\-\-\- recommended
\& check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10040 <\-\-\- integration
.Ve
.PP
Reload your configuration with `postfix reload` and watch your logs. In it works you should see
lines like the following in your mail log:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& Aug 9 23:01:24 mail postfwd[5158]: rule=22, id=ML_POSTFIX, client=english\-breakfast.cloud9.net[168.100.1.7], sender=owner\-postfix\-users@postfix.tld, recipient=someone@domain.local, helo=english\-breakfast.cloud9.net, proto=ESMTP, state=RCPT, action=dunno
.Ve
.PP
If you want to check for size or rcpt_count items you must integrate postfwd in smtp_data_restrictions or
smtpd_end_of_data_restrictions. Of course you can also specify a restriction class and use it in your access
tables. First create a file /etc/postfix/policy containing:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& domain1.local postfwdcheck
\& domain2.local postfwdcheck
\& ...
.Ve
.PP
Then postmap that file (`postmap hash:/etc/postfix/policy`), open your main.cf and enter
.PP
.Vb 3
\& # Restriction Classes
\& smtpd_restriction_classes = postfwdcheck, <some more>... <\-\-\- integration
\& postfwdcheck = check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10040 <\-\-\- integration
\&
\& 127.0.0.1:10040_time_limit = 3600 <\-\-\- integration
\& smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, <\-\-\- recommended
\& reject_unauth_destination, <\-\-\- recommended
\& ... <\-\-\- optional
\& check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/policy, <\-\-\- integration
\& ... <\-\-\- optional
.Ve
.PP
Reload postfix and watch your logs.
.PP
\&\fIIntegration via xinetd\fR
.PP
There might be several reasons for you to use postfwd via a tcp wrapper package like xinetd (see <http://www.xinetd.org/>).
I won`t discuss that here. If you plan to do so, just add the following line to your /etc/services file:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& # postfwd port
\& postfwd 10040/tcp
.Ve
.PP
Then create a file '/etc/xinetd.d/postfwd':
.PP
.Vb 10
\& {
\& interface = 127.0.0.1
\& socket_type = stream
\& protocol = tcp
\& wait = no
\& user = nobody
\& server = /usr/local/bin/postfwd
\& server_args = \-f /etc/postfwd.cf
\& disable = no
\& }
.Ve
.PP
and restart the xinetd daemon (usually a \s-1SIGHUP\s0 should be fine). If you experience problems
you might want to check your system's log for xinetd errors like \*(L"socket already in use\*(R".
.PP
The integration with postfix is similar to the \fIIntegration via daemon mode\fR section above.
Reload postfix and watch your logs to see if everything works.
.SS "\s-1TESTING\s0"
.IX Subsection "TESTING"
First you have to create a ruleset (see Configuration section). Check it with
.PP
.Vb 1
\& postfwd \-f /etc/postfwd.cf \-C
.Ve
.PP
There is an example policy request distributed with postfwd, called 'request.sample'.
Simply change it to meet your requirements and use
.PP
.Vb 1
\& postfwd \-f /etc/postfwd.cf <request.sample
.Ve
.PP
You should get an answer like
.PP
.Vb 1
\& action=<whateveryouconfigured>
.Ve
.PP
For network tests I use netcat:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& nc 127.0.0.1 10040 <request.sample
.Ve
.PP
to send a request to postfwd. If you receive nothing, make sure that postfwd is running and
listening on the specified network settings.
.SS "\s-1PERFORMANCE\s0"
.IX Subsection "PERFORMANCE"
Some of these proposals might not match your environment. Please check your requirements and test new options carefully!
.PP
.Vb 7
\& \- use caching options
\& \- use the correct match operator ==, <=, >=
\& \- use ^ and/or $ in regular expressions
\& \- use item lists (faster than single rules)
\& \- use set() action on repeated item lists
\& \- use jumps and rate limits
\& \- use a pre\-lookup rule for rbl/rhsbls with empty note() action
.Ve
.SS "\s-1SEE\s0 \s-1ALSO\s0"
.IX Subsection "SEE ALSO"
See <http://www.postfix.org/SMTPD_POLICY_README.html> for a description
of how Postfix policy servers work.
.SH "LICENSE"
.IX Header "LICENSE"
postfwd is free software and released under \s-1BSD\s0 license, which basically means
that you can do what you want as long as you keep the copyright notice:
.PP
Copyright (c) 2007, Jan Peter Kessler
All rights reserved.
.PP
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
.PP
.Vb 9
\& * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
\& notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
\& * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
\& notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
\& the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
\& distribution.
\& * Neither the name of the authors nor the names of his contributors
\& may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
\& software without specific prior written permission.
.Ve
.PP
\&\s-1THIS\s0 \s-1SOFTWARE\s0 \s-1IS\s0 \s-1PROVIDED\s0 \s-1BY\s0 \s-1ME\s0 ``\s-1AS\s0 \s-1IS\s0'' \s-1AND\s0 \s-1ANY\s0 \s-1EXPRESS\s0 \s-1OR\s0 \s-1IMPLIED\s0 \s-1WARRANTIES\s0,
\&\s-1INCLUDING\s0, \s-1BUT\s0 \s-1NOT\s0 \s-1LIMITED\s0 \s-1TO\s0, \s-1THE\s0 \s-1IMPLIED\s0 \s-1WARRANTIES\s0 \s-1OF\s0 \s-1MERCHANTABILITY\s0 \s-1AND\s0 \s-1FITNESS\s0
\&\s-1FOR\s0 A \s-1PARTICULAR\s0 \s-1PURPOSE\s0 \s-1ARE\s0 \s-1DISCLAIMED\s0. \s-1IN\s0 \s-1NO\s0 \s-1EVENT\s0 \s-1SHALL\s0 \s-1BE\s0 \s-1LIABLE\s0 \s-1FOR\s0 \s-1ANY\s0 \s-1DIRECT\s0,
\&\s-1INDIRECT\s0, \s-1INCIDENTAL\s0, \s-1SPECIAL\s0, \s-1EXEMPLARY\s0, \s-1OR\s0 \s-1CONSEQUENTIAL\s0 \s-1DAMAGES\s0 (\s-1INCLUDING\s0, \s-1BUT\s0
\&\s-1NOT\s0 \s-1LIMITED\s0 \s-1TO\s0, \s-1PROCUREMENT\s0 \s-1OF\s0 \s-1SUBSTITUTE\s0 \s-1GOODS\s0 \s-1OR\s0 \s-1SERVICES\s0; \s-1LOSS\s0 \s-1OF\s0 \s-1USE\s0, \s-1DATA\s0, \s-1OR\s0
\&\s-1PROFITS\s0; \s-1OR\s0 \s-1BUSINESS\s0 \s-1INTERRUPTION\s0) \s-1HOWEVER\s0 \s-1CAUSED\s0 \s-1AND\s0 \s-1ON\s0 \s-1ANY\s0 \s-1THEORY\s0 \s-1OF\s0 \s-1LIABILITY\s0,
\&\s-1WHETHER\s0 \s-1IN\s0 \s-1CONTRACT\s0, \s-1STRICT\s0 \s-1LIABILITY\s0, \s-1OR\s0 \s-1TORT\s0 (\s-1INCLUDING\s0 \s-1NEGLIGENCE\s0 \s-1OR\s0 \s-1OTHERWISE\s0)
\&\s-1ARISING\s0 \s-1IN\s0 \s-1ANY\s0 \s-1WAY\s0 \s-1OUT\s0 \s-1OF\s0 \s-1THE\s0 \s-1USE\s0 \s-1OF\s0 \s-1THIS\s0 \s-1SOFTWARE\s0, \s-1EVEN\s0 \s-1IF\s0 \s-1ADVISED\s0 \s-1OF\s0 \s-1THE\s0
\&\s-1POSSIBILITY\s0 \s-1OF\s0 \s-1SUCH\s0 \s-1DAMAGE\s0.
.SH "AUTHOR"
.IX Header "AUTHOR"
Jan\ Peter\ Kessler\ <info\ (\s-1AT\s0)\ postfwd\ (\s-1DOT\s0)\ org>. Let me know, if you have any suggestions.
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